We also searched for reference lists of relevant articles to identify additional relevant citations and found another 88 studies. Using medical subject heading (MeSH) and title words for the (“Colonic Diseases, Functional” or “Irritable Bowel Syndrome”) AND (“risk factors” OR “risk”) AND (“Prenatal Care” OR “Perinatal Care” OR “Infant” OR “Child Care” OR “Child” OR “Maternal Exposure” OR “Maternal-Child Nursing” OR “Maternal-Fetal Exchange” OR “Mother-Child Relations” OR “Maternal-Fetal Relations” OR “Mothers” OR “Maternal Behavior” OR “Maternal Health”) revealed 554 results. Please refer to the Supplementary Figure for the PRISMA flow diagram for this systematic review. We performed a computer-assisted literature search of Cochrane databases, PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase from year 1966 to 2018. We also discuss the possible links between these risk factors with potential pathophysiological mechanisms. 6, 7 This systematic review aims to summarize the current understanding of early life experiences (including parental, perinatal, and childhood risk factors) that may contribute to the development of IBS.
![roze siah part 268 roze siah part 268](http://hdfarsi.com/farsi1/sevdam-alabora_1.jpg)
IBS may be triggered by stress, mood disorders, gastrointestinal infection, and adverse early life experiences. These factors include visceral hypersensitivity, dysbiosis of the gut microbiota, immune activation, and alterations in brain function. Multiple factors are thought to play a role in the pathophysiology of IBS. 4 IBS patients have reflected a significantly impaired quality of life comparable to that of patients with other chronic diseases such as ischemic heart disease and diabetes mellitus. In the United States, IBS accounts for an estimated $1.7 billion and $20.0 billion in direct and indirect medical costs annually. 3 IBS also bears a significant burden on society and individuals. The prevalence of IBS in American children ranges from 1.2% to 2.9%. These criteria were published 4 years later as part of the Rome II criteria and have since been updated in Rome IV. This changed in 1995 when an international group of pediatric gastroenterologists defined the diagnostic criteria for FGIDs in childhood. 2 For a long time, children with symptoms of IBS were more likely to be diagnosed as having recurrent abdominal pain.
![roze siah part 268 roze siah part 268](https://farsi1hd.com/farsi1/bi-etebar_1.jpg)
The overall IBS prevalence was 3.8% by Rome IV criteria and 10.1% by Rome III criteria (by internet survey), and the pooled IBS prevalence rates were 1.5% using Rome IV and 3.5% using Rome III (by household survey). The survey was completed by 73 076 respondents. The Rome Foundation performed the first global study of the epidemiology and impact of the FGIDs in 33 countries.
![roze siah part 268 roze siah part 268](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/0PtO-jl7BKA/maxresdefault.jpg)
Patients with IBS often complain of abdominal discomfort or bloating and irregular bowel habits like diarrhea, constipation or mixed bowel habits. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is one of the most common functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) which is characterized by recurrent abdominal pain associated with an abnormal bowel habit.